One of the greatest philosophers of the nineteenth century, Schopenhauer (1788-1860) believed that human action is determined not by reason but by 'will' - the blind and irrational desire for physical existence. This selection of his writings on religion, ethics, politics, women, suicide, books and many other themes is taken from Schopenhauer's last work, Parerga and Paralipomena, which he published in 1851. These pieces depict humanity as locked in a struggle beyond good and evil, and each individual absolutely free within a Godless world, in which art, morality and self-awareness are our only salvation. This innovative - and pessimistic - view has proved powerfully influential upon philosophy and art, directly affecting the work of Nietzsche, Wittgenstein and Wagner among others. Arthur Schopenhauer was born in Danzig in 1788 where his family, of Dutch origin, owned a respected trading house. Arthur was expected to inherit the business, but hated the work and in 1807, after his father's suicide and the sale of the business, he enrolled in the grammar school at Gotha. He went on to study medicine and science at Gottingen University and in 1810 began to study philosophy. In 1811 he transferred to Berlin to write his doctoral thesis, and began to write The World as Will and Idea, a complete exploration of his philosophy, which was finished in 1818. Although the book failed to sell, his belief in his own views sustained him through twenty-five years of frustrated desire for fame. During his middle life he travelled widely in Europe and in 1844 brought out a much expanded edition of his book, which after his death became one of the most widely read of all philosophical works. His fame was established in 1851 with the publication of Parerga and Paralipomena, a collection of dialogues, essays and aphorisms. He died in 1860. R.J. Hollingdale has translated works by, among others, Schopenhauer, Goethe, T.A. Hoffmann, Lichtenburg and Theodor Fontane, as well as eleven of Nietzsche's books, many for the Penguin Classics. He has published two books on Nietzsche and was Honorary President of the British Nietzsche Society until his death in 2003.
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Arthur Schopenhauer
Pessimista em sua visão do mundo, considerou ser a Vontade a última e mais fundamental força da natureza, que se manifesta em cada ser no sentido da sua total realização e sobrevivência. O conceito de Vontade deste filósofo diz respeito a algo infinito, uno, indizível, e não a uma vontade finita, individual, ciente. Ela estaria presente no homem, como em toda a natureza. Para Schopenhauer, a realidade é vontade irracional, onde o finito nada mais é que mera aparência da realidade. A vontade infinita, traz com ela a característica da insaciabilidade, sendo então algo conflituoso que geraria dor e sofrimento ao homem. Foi seminarista até os 14 anos. Iniciou estudos de medicina na universidade de Gottingen, mudando depois para filosofia, na universidade de Berlim. Sua tese Vierfach Wutzel der Zats uber zurechern Grund ( "Sobre a quádrupla raiz do princípio da razão suficiente") foi escrita em 1813. O difícil convívio com sua mãe com certeza marcou sua personalidade mas ela lhe permitiu conhecer intelectuais como Goethe (1749-1832), que freqüentavam sua casa em Weimar, centro da vida cultural alemã em sua época. Com a herança recebida do pai pôde viver sua vida de solteiro com relativo conforto e inteiramente entregue ao seu trabalho intelectual. Seu principal livro, Die Welt als Wille and Vorstellung ou "O Mundo como vontade e representação" (1819), embora o seu livro Parerga e Paraliponema (1851) seja o mais conhecido.
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